Synthesizing the Evidence for Ketamine and Esketamine in Treatment-Resistant Depression: An International Expert Opinion on the Available Evidence and Implementation.

BeobachtungsstudiePubMed26. Juli 2021PMID: 33726522 DOI

Abstract

Replicated international studies have underscored the human and societal costs associated with major depressive disorder. Despite the proven efficacy of monoamine-based antidepressants in major depression, the majority of treated individuals fail to achieve full syndromal and functional recovery with the index and subsequent pharmacological treatments. Ketamine and esketamine represent pharmacologically novel treatment avenues for adults with treatment-resistant depression. In addition to providing hope to affected persons, these agents represent the first non-monoaminergic agents with proven rapid-onset efficacy in major depressive disorder. Nevertheless, concerns remain about the safety and tolerability of ketamine and esketamine in mood disorders. Moreover, there is uncertainty about the appropriate position of these agents in treatment algorithms, their comparative effectiveness, and the appropriate setting, infrastructure, and personnel required for their competent and safe implementation. In this article, an international group of mood disorder experts provides a synthesis of the literature with respect to the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ketamine and esketamine in adults with treatment-resistant depression. The authors also provide guidance for the implementation of these agents in clinical practice, with particular attention to practice parameters at point of care. Areas of consensus and future research vistas are discussed.

Autoren (25)

LeadMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Joshua D RosenblatMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Charles B NemeroffMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Gerard SanacoraMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

James W MurroughMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Michael BerkMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Elisa BrietzkeMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Seetal DoddMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Philip GorwoodMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Roger HoMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Dan V IosifescuMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Carlos Lopez JaramilloMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Siegfried KasperMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Kevin KratiukMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Jung Goo LeeMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Yena LeeMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Leanna M W LuiMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Rodrigo B MansurMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

George I PapakostasMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Mehala SubramaniapillaiMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Michael ThaseMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Eduard VietaMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Allan H YoungMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Carlos A ZarateMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

Stephen StahlMood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Y. Lee, Lui, Mansur); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre, Rosenblat, Mansur); Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto (McIntyre); Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto (McIntyre, Subramaniapillai); Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario (Rosenblat, Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Austin Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Sanacora); Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Murrough); Deakin University, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia (Berk, Dodd); Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Berk); Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Brietzke); Centre for Youth Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Dodd); Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, and GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris (Gorwood); Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Ho); Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Iosifescu); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (Lopez Jaramillo); Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Kasper); Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Kratiuk); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.G. Lee); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (Y. Lee); Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Papakostas); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia (Thase); Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona (Vieta); Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent (Young); Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch and Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Division of Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Zarate); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, and University of California, San Diego (Stahl).

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Synthesizing the Evidence for Ketamine and Esketamine in Treatment-Resistant Depression: An International Expert Opinion on the Available Evidence and Implementation.

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