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Substance Profile
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a phenethylamine derivative with unique entactogenic properties that massively enhances the release of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Originally patented by Merck in 1912, it was rediscovered as a psychotherapy adjunct in the 1970s. MDMA promotes empathy, emotional openness, and interpersonal trust. The FDA has designated MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a 'Breakthrough Therapy', with Phase 3 trials demonstrating significant remission rates.
Reverses SERT transporter causing massive serotonin release
Promotes prosocial bonding and empathy via hypothalamic oxytocin
Reduces amygdala reactivity enabling trauma processing
Reported subjective effects based on clinical and community data
A Multi-site Expanded Access Program for MDMA-assisted Psychotherapy for Patients With Treatment-resistant PTSD
Psychedelics and Mental Health in Endurance Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study in Brazil.
Therapeutic modulation of empathy: pharmacological, neurostimulation, and behavioral approaches.
Psychological support in psychedelic-assisted therapy clinical trials: A systematic review.
A neurocognitive account of complex PTSD: self-modelling, affective dysregulation, and implications for MDMA-assisted and targeted psychotherapies.
Severity of Polysubstance Use Among Young People Seeking Drug and Alcohol Treatment, and Social and Mental Health Correlates: An Observational Study.
HPLC-MS/MS stereoselective determination and quantification of MDMA and its phase-1 metabolite in human oral fluid samples: estimation of consumption time.
Strategic Neurodelivery of Psychedelic Compounds: Bridging Molecular Pharmacology with Therapeutic Innovation in CNS Disorders.
Psychedelics for treatment of negative symptoms and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia spectrum disorder: A narrative review.
Efficacy of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and functional outcomes.
State of the Science: MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD: Growing evidence for memory effects mediating treatment efficacy.
Spatio-Temporal Surveillance of Drugs of Abuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances in Tunisian Wastewater: A Multi-City Study on Consumption Patterns and the Impact of COVID-19.
Unusual experiences and early-onset psychosis associated to hallucinogen use in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
The microbiome and PTSD: a scoping review across preclinical and clinical studies.
Trends in first-time psychedelic and other hallucinogen use in the United States: Results from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in major depression: critical considerations for clinical translation: commentary, Kvam et al.
Investigational drugs in PTSD.
Efficacy and risks of psychedelics in treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review.
A systematic review of income and education reporting in psychedelic clinical trials.
A repeated low-dose regimen of MDMA has transient next-day effects on locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, and brain serotonin levels, with no effect on anhedonia-like behavior, in both female and male rats.
A Promise Without Panacea: Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies in Modern Psychiatry.
Best practices for first psychedelic experiences: harm reduction advice from the psychedelic community.
MDMA to Treat PTSD in Adults.
Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy: Potential Benefits and Challenges in Mental Health Treatment.
Use of Psychedelic Agents in Older Adults with Treatment-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder: What the Evidence Shows.
Post-traumatic stress disorder in psychedelic research.
MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy for Treatment Resistant PTSD in Adolescents
Clinical pharmacology.
Psychedelics, entactogens and psychoplastogens for depression and related disorders.
Psychedelic-assisted therapy: An overview for the internist.
Classification of psychedelics and psychoactive drugs based on brain-wide imaging of cellular c-Fos expression.
Self-compassion mediates treatment effects in MDMA-assisted therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder.
An Update on Psychotherapy for the Treatment of PTSD.
Therapeutic Potential of MDMA- and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy for Adolescent Depression and Trauma.
Not Losing Momentum: Cross-Sectional Insights into Ibogaine Clinical Trials.
From Efficacy to Effectiveness: Evaluating Psychedelic Randomized Controlled Trials for Trustworthy Evidence-Based Policy and Practice.
Is there a place for psychedelics in sports practice?
Neuroplasticity and psychedelics: A comprehensive examination of classic and non-classic compounds in pre and clinical models.
Tolerability of MDMA in Schizophrenia
Reconsidering evidence for psychedelic-induced psychosis: an overview of reviews, a systematic review, and meta-analysis of human studies.
MDMA-assisted Cognitive Processing Therapy Versus Cognitive Processing Therapy for Veterans With Severe Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Psychedelic-assisted treatment for substance use disorder: A narrative systematic review.
MDMA and MDMA-Assisted Therapy.
Acute effects of R-MDMA, S-MDMA, and racemic MDMA in a randomized double-blind cross-over trial in healthy participants.
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
Novel Pharmacologic and Other Somatic Treatment Approaches for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adults: State of the Evidence.
Psychedelics: A review of their effects on recalled aversive memories and fear/anxiety expression in rodents.
Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic Compounds for Substance Use Disorders.
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD in adolescents: rationale, potential, risks, and considerations.