Psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depressive disorder: Perspective from meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials aimed to investigate the temporal changes in the efficacy and safety of psilocybin treatment for major depressive disorder(MDD). Separate meta-analyses were conducted for standard-dose psilocybin(25 mg/session, or 20-30 mg/70 kg/session) and low-dose psilocybin(10 mg/session or 15.05 mg/70 kg/session) subgroups. Control conditions included placebo, waiting-list control, niacin, or psilocybin 1 mg. Standard-dose psilocybin was superior to control in reducing depressive symptoms(standardized mean difference[SMD]:-1.05; 95% confidence intervals[CIs]:-1.60 to -0.50, p = 0.0002, I2 = 75%, K = 4). Sensitivity analysis excluding studies with waiting-list controls supported the superiority of standard-dose psilocybin compared with control without considerable heterogeneity(SMD:-0.70; 95%CI:-1.03 to -0.36, p < 0.0001, I2 = 43%, K = 2). This sensitivity analysis included two double-blind trials that incorporated manualized psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy. Compared with controls, standard-dose psilocybin was associated with higher response(risk ratio[RR]:2.34; 95%CI:1.52-3.60, p = 0.0001, I2 = 0%) and remission rates at 2-3 weeks post-treatment(RR:3.38; 95%CI:1.88-6.08, p < 0.0001, I2 = 0%), with response rate at 6-12 weeks post-treatment(RR:2.61; 95%CI:1.45-4.71, p = 0.001, I2 = 0%). Moreover, standard-dose psilocybin was related to lower all-cause discontinuation compared with control(RR:0.39; 95%CI:0.18-0.87, p = 0.02, I2 = 0%). Standard-dose psilocybin was associated with a higher incidence of headache(RR:2.06; 95%CI:1.11-3.81, p = 0.02, I2 = 57%) and nausea within 1-9 days post-treatment(RR:10.20; 95%CI:3.80-27.39, p < 0.0001, I2 = 0%) compared with the control; however, these symptoms resolved after this period. Low-dose psilocybin demonstrated no superior efficacy compared with the control group. This meta-analysis indicates that standard-dose psilocybin may represent a promising therapeutic option for MDD treatment. Nonetheless, future research should address the considerable methodological heterogeneity across current trials.